Crude Oil-Major

Oil and Gas

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Crude oil, which has become most of the Middle East and few African Countries what they are today. The term petroleum was first used in the treatise De Natura Fossilium, published in 1546 by the German mineralogist Georg Bauer, also known as Georgius Agricola.

An oil well produces predominantly crude oil, with some natural gas dissolved in it. Because the pressure is lower at the surface than underground, some of the gas will come out of solution and be recovered (or burned) as associated gas or solution gas. A gas well produces predominately natural gas. However, because the underground temperature and pressure are higher than at the surface, the gas may contain heavier hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, and heptane in the gaseous state. Under surface conditions these will condense out of the gas and form natural gas condensate, often shortened to condensate. Condensate resembles gasoline in appearance and is similar in composition to some volatile light crude oils.

The proportion of light hydrocarbons in the petroleum mixture is highly variable between different oil fields and ranges from as much as 97% by weight in the lighter oils to as little as 50% in the heavier oils and bitumens.

The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes, cycloalkanes and various aromatic hydrocarbons while the other organic compounds contain nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and trace amounts of metals such as iron, nickel, copper and vanadium. The exact molecular composition varies widely from formation to formation but the proportion of chemical elements vary over fairly narrow limits as follows:

Composition by weight

Element        Percent range
Carbon         83 to 87%
Hydrogen      10 to 14%
Nitrogen        0.1 to 2%
Oxygen         0.1 to 1.5%
Sulfur            0.5 to 6%
Metals           < 0.1%

Four different types of hydrocarbon molecules appear in crude oil. The relative percentage of each varies from oil to oil, determining the properties of each oil

Composition by weight

Hydrocarbon    Average        Range
Paraffins         30%              15 to 60%
Naphthenes     49%              30 to 60%
Aromatics        15%              3 to 30%
Asphaltics        6%                remainder

Most of the world's oils are non-conventional.

Crude oil varies greatly in appearance depending on its composition. It is usually black or dark brown
(although it may be yellowish or even greenish).